VILMOS ZSIGMOND

#1: From interview [2009]

#2: 2005

VILMOS ZSIGMOND

Born: 16 June 1930, Szeged, Hungary.

Died: 1 January 2016, Big Sur, CA, USA.

Education: Szinház- és Filmmüvészeti Föiskola [SzFF], Budapest [Cinematography, 1951-55; his teachers were György Illés, János Badal, a.o.].

Career: 'Vilmos Zsigmond was in his early teens when the Russian army installed a puppet government in Hungary answerable to the communist regime in Moscow. He wasn't allowed to continue his education or pursue an interest in becoming a photographer because his family was considered bourgeois. Zsigmond was put to work in a factory, where he saved money to buy a camera and taught himself how to take pictures. He organized a camera club for factory workers. That impressed the commissars who sent him to the Academy of Theatre and Film Art in Budapest to learn cinematography. Zsigmond completed his formal education in 1955, and was working as an apprentice at the state film studio in October 1956, when a popular uprising spilled into the streets of Budapest.' [From the ASC website.]

Zsigmond and his film school classmate László Kovács took an Arriflex camera from their school and filmed the battle between the Budapest citizens and the Russian troops and tanks. In November 1956 they fled to Austria where the film was processed and sold to a producer [the film was shown on CBS-tv in 1961]. He [and Kovács] arrived in the USA in March 1957 as a political refugee. He spent time in a refugee camp in New Jersey, and worked briefly in Chicago, before moving to Los Angeles hoping to find a job in the film industry. Worked as laboratory technician and as still photographer [for 5 years] on educational films. Owned his own 16mm Arriflex camera modified for Techniscope.

Ph a number of doc's [dir by Frank Gardonyi, Gábor Nagy, Veronika Pataki, a.o.] during the 1960s.

Ph and dir commercials.

Was also active as director.

Was one of the 'masters' at the 'International Masterclass [1999 & 2001], Budapest.

Was an active member of the ASC since 1973, honorary member of the HSC and associate member of the SOC.

In 2012, Zsigmond, along with doph Yuri Neyman, co-founded the Global Cinematography Institute in Los Angeles with the mission to educate cinematographers, and to preserve and extend the role of cinematographer as the major expert and contributor in the image building process in all current and future variations of the complex mix of artistry and technology.

In May 2017 the first edition of the Vilmos Zsigmond Film Festival was held in Szeged, Hungary.

Appearances/interviewee: 'Visions of Light: The Art of Cinematography' [1991], 'Big Guns Talk: The Story of the Western' [1997, Len Morris; ph: Alicia Weber], 'Wiecej swiatla. Festiwal Operatorów Filmowych Camerimage '97' [1997, Piotr Lazarkiewicz; ph: Adam Sikora; 54m], 'The Making of 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' [1998, Laurent Bouzereau], 'Ljuset håller mig sällskap/Light Keeps Me Company' [2000, Carl-Gustav Nykvist], 'Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex, Drugs and Rock 'N' Roll Generation Saved Hollywood' [2002, Kenneth Bowser; ph: Paul Mailman; 119m], 'Elszállnak a felhők... - Zsigmond Vilmos hazatérései/The Clouds Are Drifting Away... - Vilmos Zsigmond's Frequenting Home' [2006, Béla Paczolay & István Dala; ph: Zsolt Tóth, I. Dala & Sándor Várkonyi; tv-doc/28m; ep series 'Szerelmes földrajz'] & 'No Subtitles Necessary: Laszlo & Vilmos' [2007, James Chressanthis; ph: Anka Malatynska; 105m].

Awards: 'Oscar' AA [1977] for 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind'; 'Oscar' AA nom [1978] & BAFTA Film Award [1979] for 'The Deer Hunter'; Camerimage Lifetime Achievement Award [1997]; ASC Lifetime Achievement Award [1999]; 'Corvin Chain' [2001; given by the Hungarian Government]; 'Emmy' Award nom [2002] for 'The Mists of Avalon' [Part 1]; HSC 'A Legenda' Award [2005]; ICFF Manaki Brothers Life Achievement Award 'Golden Camera 300' [2010].

Obituary: Hollywood studios have good reason to be grateful to repressive European governments for having provided them with refugee filmmakers who made hugely significant contributions to the American film industry. The cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, who has died aged 85, arrived in the US in 1957, having fled his native Hungary as Russian tanks put down the Hungarian revolution. Over the next few decades, he became associated with many leading American directors, notably Robert Altman, Steven Spielberg, Brian De Palma, Michael Cimino and Woody Allen.

From 1963, Zsigmond worked in Hollywood on dozens of features, credited as William Zsigmond, until László Kovacs, who had shot 'Easy Rider' for Peter Fonda [producer] and Dennis Hopper [director], recommended his friend to Fonda for the western 'The Hired Hand', the actor's first feature as a director. "I got the idea of how to light 'The Hired Hand' from the villages in Hungary where there was no electricity and they used kerosene lamps," Zsigmond explained. But his breakthrough came when Robert Altman hired him for 'McCabe and Mrs Miller', thus beginning the most rewarding decade of his career, which coincided with "the new Hollywood" of young independent filmmakers, influenced by European cinema. "Creating the mood is more important than making everything look beautiful," he said. "László and I sort of created the 'nouvelle vague' in the US - simple lighting, but more realistic."

Altman continued to use Zsigmond as his director of photography on 'Images', set against misty and frosty Irish landscapes, which skilfully conveys a schizophrenic woman's point of view, when she [played by Susannah York] confuses real and imagined events.

In contrast, 'The Long Goodbye' is a neo-noir shot in pastel colours in Los Angeles, much of it seen through the eyes of the private detective Philip Marlowe [Elliott Gould], whose vision is often obscured by trees, windows, mirrors and the sides of buildings. The film was a good example of Zsigmond's use of flashing, which exposes the film to a controlled light in order to mute colours. He liked working with Altman, who gave him carte blanche to set up the lighting, his preference being to light the actors rather than the background.

John Boorman's 'Deliverance' was Zsigmond's first film shot entirely on location, namely the Appalachian mountains of northern Georgia and South Carolina. The use of desaturated film stock gave the picture a certain gritty realism, added to which there were no special effects or stuntmen, so that Zsigmond had to film the actors shooting the rapids while actually doing so himself.

Steven Spielberg asked Zsigmond to photograph his first big-screen feature, 'The Sugarland Express', a road movie set in Texas, which was the first feature to be shot with the new lightweight Panaflex camera. After refusing to shoot 'Jaws' because he thought it was a stupid script, Zsigmond worked with Spielberg again on the science-fiction extravaganza 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind'. "It was difficult to shoot because of the lighting," he recalled. "We had huge amounts of lighting to get the special effects - which would be done by computer-generated imagery today, but in those days we had to do it in the camera." Out of the eight Oscar nominations the film received, only the cinematographer collected the statuette.

Perhaps his striking Oscar-nominated work on Cimino's 'The Deer Hunter' was even more deserving of an award. Zsigmond provided the three-part epic, shot in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Thailand [standing in for Vietnam], with visual continuity - particularly the autumnal look of the first section.

From the wide acclaim for 'The Deer Hunter', which caught the mood of the time, Cimino's career plunged to almost total condemnation with 'Heaven’s Gate'. The sprawling epic, set in 1890s Wyoming, cost $40m to make and was noted for the extravagance of its vast sets. But it turned out to be one of cinema's most expensive flops. The influential critic Roger Ebert described Zsigmond's attempt to make the movie look like faded period photos as being "so smoky, so dusty, so foggy, so unfocused and so brownish yellow that you want to try Windex on the screen". It rang the death knell for the American "new wave".

Although Zsigmond was complicit in the creation of 'Heaven's Gate', his career did not suffer noticeably. Still much in demand from younger directors, Zsigmond also linked up with Woody Allen to shoot 'Melinda and Melinda', 'Cassandra's Dream' and 'You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger'.

He is survived by his second wife, the writer and director Susan Roether, and by his daughters, Julia and Susi, from his marriage to Elizabeth Fuzes, which ended in divorce. [From obituary by Ronald Bergan in The Guardian, 4 January 2016.]

FILMS
1953	A föld/The Land [József Zsuffa] b&w; short/10m; prod SzFF
1953	Légy jó mindhalálig/Be Faithful Unto Death [?] ?; short/?m; prod SzFF
1954	Elszállnak a felhök/Gone Are the Clouds/The Clouds Are Drifting Away [József Zsuffa] ?; short/?m; prod SzFF
1954	Az a félelmetes harmadik/The Frightful Third [József Zsuffa] ?; short/?m
1955	Hajnal elött/Before Dawn [József Zsuffa] b&w; short/15m; prod SzFF
1956	Ungarn in flammen/Revolt in Hungary [Stefan Erdelyi] b&w; doc/83m; cph: László Kovács & Ferencz Vass
1958	Az ég kékje/The Blue of the Sky [Vilmos Zsigmond & László Kovács; or József Zsuffa] ?; short/?m; cph: László Kovács
1960	Lullaby [Frank Gardonyi & Ivan Nagy] ?; dance short/13m; cph: László (as Leslie) Kovács; as William Zsigmond
1960	This Is Larry [Robert Aller] ?; doc (one day in the life of a blind man)/?m
1960	The Prom [?] ?; short/?m
1961	Pulse of Life - The Story of Artificial Respiration and Artificial Circulation [Robert Berk] c; instructional doc/24m; revised in 1975 as 'New Pulse of Life'
1962	Wild Guitar [Ray Dennis Steckler] b&w; 2uc (as William Zsigmond); ph: Joseph C. Mascelli
1963	Story of the Wholesale Produce Market [Leonard Greenberg] c; doc/12m
1963	Mark of the Gun [Walter Campos] b&w; cph: László Kovács

1963	The Sadist/Profile of Terror/Sweet Baby Charlie [James Landis] b&w; as William Zsigmond
1963	Living Between Two Worlds [Bobby Johnson] b&w; as William Zsigmond
1963	What's Up Front/The Fall Guy/A Fourth for Marriage [Bob Wehling] c; as William Zsigmond
1963	Summer Children/A Hot Summer Game/It's All in the Game [James Bruner] b&w; lighting: László Kovács & Ernie Reed; as William Zsigmond
1964	Nasty Rabbit/Spies-A-Go-Go [James Landis] ts/c; as William Zsigmund
1964	The Time Travelers/Time Trap/This Time Tomorrow [Ib Melchior] c; as William Zsigmond
1964	Echo of Terror/Psycho-A-Go-Go!/The Man with the Electronic [Synthetic] Brain/The Love Maniac/Blood of Ghastly Horror [Al Adamson] ts/c; as William Zsigmond; prod in 1964 as 'Echo of Terror'; with new scenes in 1965: 'Psycho-A-Go-Go'; new scenes/re-edited: 'The Man with the Electronic [Synthetic] Brain'; re-edited in 1972 as 'Blood of Ghastly Horror'
1964	Tell Me in the Sunlight [Steve Cochran] b&w; uncred ?; ph: Rod Yould
1965	Tales of a Salesman [Don Russell] c; 53m; as William Zsigmond
1965	Canyonland [?] ?; doc/?m

1965	Deadwood '76 [James Landis] ts/c; cph: Lewis Guinn; as William Zsigmond
1965	Rat Fink/My Soul Runs Naked/Wild and Willing [James Landis] b&w; as William Zsigmond
1965	[The] Gun Riders/The Lonely Man/Five Bloody Graves [Al Adamson] ts/c; as William Zsigmond
1966	The Cat/Cat! [Ellis Kadison] c; nature ph (as William Zsigmond); ph: Monroe Askins
1966	Road to Nashville [Will Zens] ts/c; addph (as William Zsigmund); ph: Leif Rise
1966	U.S. Water Polo [Gábor Nagy] ?; doc/?m
1967	The Name of the Game Is Kill!/The Female Trap [Gunnar Hellström] c; as William Zsigmond
1967	Blood of Dracula's Castle/Dracula's Castle [Al Adamson] c; uncred cph (left film early in prod); ph: László Kovács (as Leslie Kovacs)
1967	Mondo Mod [Peter Perry (= Bethel Buckalew)] c; doc/72m; cph: László Kovács (as Leslie Kovacs); 2uc: Ewing Brown & Edward DePriest; spec pfx: Rolf Jargon; as William Zsigmond
*1968*	Working Women [Robert Aller] ?
1968	The Monitors [Jack Shea] c; as William Zsigmond
1968	The Picasso Summer [Serge Bourguignon & Robert Sallin] c; addph: Henri Alekan & David Shore
1968	Jennie: Wife – Child/Tender Grass [James Landis & Robert Carl Cohen] b&w; cph: R.C. Cohen; as William Zsigmond
1968	Prelude [John Astin] c; short/25m
1969	Futz! [Tom O'Horgan] c
1969	Hot Rod Action [Gene McCabe] c; doc/72m; cph: Mario Tosi & Vilis Lapenieks; as William Zsigmond
1969	The Ski Bum/Point Zero [Bruce Clark] c
1969	Satan's Sadists/Nightmare Bloodbath [Al Adamson] c; uncred cph; ph (+ ed): Gary Graver
1969	Horror of the Blood Monsters/Creatures of the Red Planet/The Flesh Creatures/Vampire Men of the Lost Planet [Al Adamson] c; cph: William Troiano; as William Zsigmond
1970	Threshold [J. Maynard Lovins & Stan Wells] c; short/26m; as William Zsigmond
1970	The Hired Hand [Peter Fonda] c
1970	Red Sky at Morning [James Goldstone] c
1970	McCabe and Mrs. Miller [Robert Altman] p/c; 2uc: Rod Parkhurst
1970	Dusty and Sweets McGee [Floyd Mutrux] c; doc + dram seq/95m; uncred co-addph ('Whiskey a Go Go' nightclub scenes); ph: William Fraker
1971	Soul to Soul [Denis Sanders] tao/c; concert film/96m; cph: Erik Daarstad, David Myers, Jeri Sopanen, a.o.; filmed 6 March (Ghana)
1971	Deliverance [John Boorman] p/c; 2uc: Bill Butler
1971	Images [Robert Altman] p/c
1971	The Argument [Donald Cammell] cs/c; short/14m; released in 2000
*1972*	The Master [Richard Colla] ?

1972	The Long Goodbye [Robert Altman] p/c
1972	Scarecrow [Jerry Schatzberg] p/c

With Steven Spielberg [hat] - "The Sugerland Express"

Photo Thys Ockersen Archive

1973	The Sugarland Express [Steven Spielberg] p/c
1973	Cinderella Liberty [Mark Rydell] c
1973	The Girl from Petrovka [Robert Ellis Miller] p/c
*1974*	Funny Lady [Herbert Ross] replaced by ph James Wong Howe during shooting
1975	Dandy, the All-American Girl/Sweet Revenge [Jerry Schatzberg] p/c
1975	Death Riders [James Wilson] c; doc/84m; cph: J. Wilson
1975	Obsession [Brian De Palma] p/c
1975	Iron and Horse [Karoly Bardosh] p/c; short/28m; prod AFI (USA)

With Steven Spielberg [left] - "Close Encounters of the Third Kind"

1976	Close Encounters of the Third Kind [Steven Spielberg] p/c; 135m; ph India seq: Douglas Slocombe; ph add scenes USA: William Fraker; addph: John Alonzo & László Kovács; 2uc: Steven Poster; UFO ph: Dave Stewart; spec pfx: Richard Yuricich (ph) & Douglas Trumbull (superv); optical ph: Robert Hall; mothership ph: Dennis Muren; see 1980
1976	The Last Waltz [Martin Scorsese] c; interv + concert film/115m; co-addph; ph: Michael Chapman; concert filmed 25 November (San Francisco)
1976	Winter Kills [William Richert] p/c; addph: John Bailey; production halted, but resumed in December 1978
*1977*	A Wedding [Robert Altman] announced as doph, but replaced by Charles Rosher Jr.
1977	The Deer Hunter [Michael Cimino] p/c; replaced William Fraker during production
1978	The Rose [Mark Rydell] c; addph concert scenes: Bobby Byrne, Conrad Hall, László Kovács, Haskell Wexler, Owen Roizman, David Myers, Jan Kiesser, a.o.
1979	Heaven's Gate/Johnson County Wars [Michael Cimino] p/c
1980	Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Special Edition [Steven Spielberg] 132m; addph 'Special Edition': Allen Daviau; see 1976
1980	Blow Out [Brian De Palma] p/c; uncred addph: László Kovács
1981	The Border [Tony Richardson] p/c; addph; ph: Ric Waite
1981	Jinxed! [Don Siegel] c
1982	Table for Five [Robert Lieberman] c; addph: Jan Kiesser; 2uc: Victor Goss; aph: Rex Metz
*1983*	Predator: The Concert/Grizzly II: The Predator [André Szöts] was originally hired as doph, but quit due to creative differences; prod was ph by László Kovács
1983	The River [Mark Rydell] c; 2uc: Steven Poster & (add) Rex Metz; matte ph: Bill Taylor
1984	No Small Affair [Jerry Schatzberg] c
1985	Real Genius [Martha Coolidge] p/c; 2uc: Frederick Elmes
1985	The Witches of Eastwick [George Miller] p/c; vfx ph: Kim Marks & Patrick Turner
1988	Journey to Spirit Island [László Pal] c
1988	Fat Man and Little Boy/Shadow Makers [Roland Joffé] J-D-C Scope/c
1989	The Two Jakes [Jack Nicholson] s35-to-35mm/c
1990	Scared of Guns [Alan Bloom] c; music video/5m; stage ph; loc ph: James Chressanthis
1990	The Bonfire of the Vanities [Brian De Palma] s35-to-35mm/c
1992	Sliver [Phillip Noyce] p/c; 2uc: Michael Benson & László Kovács
1992	Intersection [Mark Rydell] c; 2uc: László George; uwph: Pauline Heaton; remake of 'Les choses de la vie/The Things of Life' (1969, Claude Sautet; ph: Jean Boffety)
1993	Maverick [Richard Donner] p/c; 2uc: John Connor; + small part
1994	The Crossing Guard [Sean Penn] c; 2uc: John Connor
1995	Assassins/Day of Reckoning [Richard Donner] c; 2uc: Gary Holt; aph: Frank Holgate
1995	The Ghost and the Darkness [Stephen Hopkins] p/c; 2uc: Gabriel Beristáin; Kenya ph: Jack Couffer
*1995*	Porthole to Paradise [Ivan Passer] ?
1997	Fantasy for a New Age [Richard Caesar] c; dram corporate film/35m; prod for Siemens AG
*1998*	Illegal Music [Zane Zidel] ?
1998	Playing By Heart/Intermedia [Willard Carroll] p/c; 2uc: John J. Connor & Joseph Urbanczyk
*1999*	Byron [Charles Jarrott] announced
*1999*	Mr. Hughes [Brian De Palma; based on scrpl by David Koepp] announced, but prod was cancelled
1999	The Body [Jonas McCord] p/c; 2uc: Avi Karpick & Gideon Porath
2000	Life as a House [Irwin Winkler] p/c; addph: Johnny E. Jensen
2001	Bánk bán [Csaba Káel] c; opera film/118m; 2uc: Tamás Lajos, László Bille & Tibor Vagyóczky
2002	Timeline [Richard Donner] s35/c; co-2uc; ph: Caleb Deschanel
2002	Jersey Girl [Kevin Smith] p/c
2003	Melinda and Melinda [Woody Allen] c
2004	The Medicine Chest [Douglas Busby] c/V; mus short/25m

[Right] with 1st c.asst 'a' cam Alexander Bscheidl - "The Black Dahlia"

Photo by Rolf Konow

2005	The Black Dahlia [Brian De Palma] s35/c
2005	Torn from the Flag [Endre Hules & Klaudia Kovács] HD/c; doc/95m; ; cph: Zoltán Honti, László Kovács (Los Angeles & Hungary) & Justin Schein; + co-exec prod; filmed October 2004-December 2005
2006	Cassandra's Dream [Woody Allen] c
2007	Bolden! [Dan Pritzker] s35/c; 2uc: Frank Godwin; aph: David B. Nowell
2007	Louis/The Great Observer [Dan Pritzker] b&w/silent; short/60m; 2uc: Frank Godwin; + small part
2008	One More Time [created and edited by Ray Dennis Steckler] c; 66m; as William Zsigmond (footage from 1963); cph: Joseph V. Mascelli, Leslie Kovacs & R.D. Steckler; 'sequel' to 'The Incredibly Strange Creatures...' (1963)
*2009*	King Shot [Alejandro Jodorowsky] scheduled to start filming in June, later October; prod cancelled due to lack of funds

[Left] with Woody Allen - "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger"

2009	You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger [Woody Allen] c
*2009*	A Half of Two Lives/Love Affair [Csaba Káel (later Nicholas Meyer)] + co-exec prod; announced; status unknown
2010	The Maiden Danced to Death/A halálba táncoltatott leány [Endre Hules] RED-to-35mm/c; cph: Zoltan Honti
*2010*	Three Dog Night [Doug Dearth] + exec prod; scheduled for a May 2011 start; later early 2012; later Summer 2013 with doph David Gribble
*2011*	Freedom Flight [Endre Hules] announced; status unknown
*2011*	At 2:15 [Maria De Kannon Cle] pre-production; scheduled to start filming in October; later July 2012; status unknown
2012	Compulsion [Egidio Coccimiglio] c

With Frederic Goodich [right] - "Kickstart Theft"

2012	Kickstart Theft [Frederic Goodich] HD (Sony F65)-to-D-Cinema/c; comm short/7m; + c.op; for Band Pro Film & Digital Inc. (Burbank/New York/Munich/Tel Aviv)
2013	Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks [Arthur Allan Seidelman] HD/c; addph: Barna Király
2013	God the Father [Simon Fellows] b&w-c; doc + re-enactments + anim/101m; addph: David Kaptein

TELEVISION
1963	The Story of... [ep 'The Story of a Champion' dir by Robert Aller (RA), 'The Story of a Coach' dir by RA, 'The Story of Debbie' dir by RA & 'The Story of a Basketball Coach' dir by Freddy Schaus] 38-part doc series/b&w/16mm, 1962-63; cph: Vilis Lapenieks ('The Story of a Champion' & 'The Story of Debbie') & Erik Daarstad ('The Story of a Champion'); as William Zsigmond
1965	The Market [Jack Shepard] doc/60m; as William Zsigmond
1966	Wonderful World of Wheels [Gene McCabe (?)] special/40m; cph: László Kovács; for CBS-tv
1966	The Bell Telephone Hour [ep #108 'The Sounds and Sights of San Francisco' dir by Ed Spiegel] mus variety series, 1959-68 (NBC-tv); 9th season, 1966-67; cph (#108): Erik Daarstad
1967	The World of Animals [ep 'Big Cats, Little Cats' dir by Bud Wiser] 3-part series, 1966-68; cph: J. Barry Herron, John Alonzo, David Blewitt, a.o.; as William Zsigmond
1969	[The Bold Ones:] The Protectors [ep #1 'A Case of Good Whiskey at Christmas Time' dir by Robert Day] 6-part series
1969	Baja Marimba Band [Bill Edwards] mus special/60m
1978	Flesh and Blood [Jud Taylor] 2-part tvm
1988	China Beach [ph spec interview seq ep #20 'Vets' (1989) dir by John Sacret Young] 64-part series, 1988-91; 2nd season, 1988-89; this episode features anecdotes of actual Vietnam Veterans telling their wartime experiences mixed with scenes from previous 'China Beach' episodes
1989	China Beach [ph spec interview seq ep #38 'Souvenirs' (1990) dir by John Sacret Young] 3rd season, 1989-90; ph: Richard Thorpe; see 1988
1991	Stalin [Ivan Passer] tvm
2000	The Mists of Avalon [Uli Edel] 2-part tvm
2004	Surrender, Dorothy [Charles McDougall] tvm/s16; 2uc: Jack Garrett
2012	The Mindy Project [pilot dir by Charles McDougall] series, 2012-present

FILMS AS CAMERA ASSISTANT/OPERATOR
1954	Egy vasárnapi románc története/The Story of a Sunday Romance [Imre Fehér] c.asst; ph: János Badal
1963	The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed Up Zombies!!?/Teenage Psycho Meets Bloody Mary [Ray Dennis Steckler] c.op (as William Zsigmond); ph: Joseph V. Mascelli; see Films (2008)

FILMS AS DIRECTOR
1958	Az ég kékje/The Blue of the Sky [co-d ?; + cph] see Films
1990	The Long Shadow/A Tékozló apa [feature] ph: Gábor Szabó; filmed 1990-91